Which option correctly lists the elements of crime prevention?

• A. Increased penalties for offenders after crimes occur.
• B. Deterrence through punishment only.
• C. Community outreach without physical security changes.
• D. Working with the community to reduce the opportunity for crime and harden targets.

Answer: (D)

Crime prevention focuses on stopping crimes before they happen by reducing opportunities and strengthening targets, often through collaboration with the community and environmental design changes. The best option captures this proactive approach by describing working with the community to cut opportunities for crime and to harden targets—like improving lighting, locks, surveillance, and other security measures, plus community partnerships. Punishment after the fact or deterrence alone address consequences rather than prevention, and outreach without security changes doesn’t reduce the chance of crime.